| Peer-Reviewed

Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated from Diarrhoeic and Non-diarrhoeic Under Five Children in Kano, Nigeria

Received: 21 May 2019     Accepted: 25 June 2019     Published: 10 September 2019
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens is a global health challenge linked to high morbidity and mortality. This study was carried out among under-five children attending three major hospitals in Kano State namely: Murtala Muhammad Specialists Hospital (MMSH), Wudil General Hospital (WGH) and Bichi General Hospital (BGH), representing the three senatorial districts. Rectal swab specimens from 400 diarrhoeic and 50 non-diarrhoeic children were collected with a sterile transport swab containing Carry-Blair Medium. These were inoculated onto MacConckey and Salmonella-Shigella Agar and incubated at 37°C for 18-24 hours for isolation of bacteria. Bacterial isolates were subjected to battery of biochemical tests (IMViC and KIA) for the identification of Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was carried out on E. coli isolated using modified Kirby-Bauer method. The findings revealed 74% and 66% E. coli recovery from case and control subjects respectively. The AST revealed trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 75.1% was the most resisted antibiotic, significantly different between the case subjects (P-value=0.031), 83% were resistant to at least one class of antibiotic, 44.4% resistant to two classes of antibiotics and significantly higher in the control group (P-value=0.006) and 8.0% MDR rate. Female subjects shows higher resistance to the tested antibiotics but the differences were only significant in amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (49.6% versus 32.9%; P-value=0.003) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (91.7% versus 57.1%; P-value=0.037) in the case and control group respectively. It can be concluded that E. coli is the predominant agent associated with diarrhoea in Kano children and high resistance of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is noteworthy. Hence the need to revise the current diarrhoea treatment regimen for Kano children.

Published in International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology (Volume 4, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijmb.20190403.15
Page(s) 94-102
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Escherichia coli, Antibiogram, Diarrhoeic, Resistance, Kano

References
[1] Araya, P., Hug, J., Joy, G., Oschmann, F. and Rubinstein, S. The Impact of Water and Sanitation on Diarrhoeal Disease Burden and Over-Prescription of Antibiotics. Presented to the Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. Master of Public Administration, London School of Economics and Political Science, London. (2016)
[2] WHO (2015). Antimicrobial resistance. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs194/en/ [Accessed November 24, 2018]
[3] Davies, J and Davies, D. Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 2010; 74 (3): 417–433. 1092-2172/10/$12.00 doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00016-10.
[4] Frieri, M., Kumar, K. and Boutin, A. Antibiotic Resistance. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 2017; 10: 369-378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2016.08.007
[5] Singh, A. K., Das, S., Singh, S., Gajamer, V. R., Pradhan, N., Lepcha, Y. D., et al. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in commensal Escherichia coli among the children in rural hill communities of Northeast India. PLoS ONE, 2018; 13 (6): e0199179. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199179
[6] Abrar, S., Hussain, S., Khan, R. A., Ain, N. U., Haider, H. and Riaz, S. Prevalence of Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae: First Systematic Meta-Analysis Report from Pakistan. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, 2018; 7 (26): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-018-0309-1
[7] Seidman, J. C., Anitha, K. P., Kanungo, R., Bourgeois, A. L. and Coles C. L. Risk Factors for Antibiotic-Resistant E. coli in Children in a Rural Area. Epidemiology of Infections, 2009; 137 (6): 879–888. doi: 10.1017/S0950268808001519
[8] Prigitano, A., Romanò, L., Auxilia, F., Castaldi, S. and Tortorano, A. M. Antibiotic Resistance: Italian Awareness Survey. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 2016; 11: 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2017.02.010
[9] Chaudhary, A. S. A review of Global Initiatives to Fight Antibiotic Resistance and Recent Antibiotics' Discovery. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 2016; 6 (6): 552-556
[10] National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Kano State Bureau of Statistics (KBS) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2016-17, Final Report. Kano, Nigeria: National Bureau of Statistics and United Nations Children’s Fund, 2018
[11] Seidman, J. C., Johnson, L. B., Levens, J., Mkocha, H., Muñoz, B., Silbergeld, E. K., West, S. K. et al. Longitudinal Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance in Diarrheagenic and Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli from Young Tanzanian Children. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2016; 7: 1420. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01420
[12] UNICEF. One is Too Many: Ending Child Deaths from Pneumonia and Diarrhoea. 2016. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/publications/index_93020.html [Accessed on 20th February, 2019]
[13] Ginginyu, I. M. 1 in 5 Kano Kids Dies Before Age 5- Survey. 2016. DailyTrust Newspaper [Online]. 18th August. Available on: http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/general/story/159378.html [Accessed 27th September, 2016]
[14] Anwar, A. (2016). Kano Leads in under 5 Mortality Rate. The Guardian Newspaper [Online]. 3rd April 2016. Available at> guardian.ng/news/kano-leads-in-under-5-mortality-rate/ [Accessed 27th September, 2016]
[15] Charan, J. and Biswas, T. How to Calculate Sample Size for Different Study Designs in Medical Research? Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 2013; 35 (2): 121–126
[16] Abdullahi, M., Olonitola, S. O., and Inabo, I. H. Isolation of Bacteria Associated with Diarrhoea among Children Attending some Hospitals in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2010;3 (1):10 – 15
[17] Procop, G. W., Church, D. L., Hall, G. S., Janda, W. M., Koneman, E. W., Schreckenberger, P. C. and Woods, G. L. Koneman’s Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, 7th Edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2017
[18] Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). (2017). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial-Susceptibility Testing. Informational Supplement. 27th Edition, M 100, Wayne, Pannsylvannia, 34 (1): 1-230
[19] Tian, L., Zhu, X., Chen, Z., Liu, W., Li, S., Yu, W. et al. Characteristics of Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Acute Diarrhea in Children under 5 Years of Age: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 2016; 16 (253): 1-8 DOI 10.1186/s12879-016-1603-2
[20] Haghi, F., Zeighami, H., Hajiahmadi, F., Khoshvaght, H. and Bayat, M. Frequency and Antimicrobial Resistance of Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli from Young Children in Iran. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2014; 63: 427–432. DOI 10.1099/jmm.0.064600-0
[21] Natarajan, M., Kumar, D., Mandal, J., Biswal, N. and Stephen, S. A study of virulence and antimicrobial resistance pattern in diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhoeal stool specimens from children and adults in a tertiary hospital, Puducherry, India. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 2018; 37:17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-018-0147-z
[22] Farfán-García, A. E., Zhang, C., Imdad, A., Arias-Guerrero, M. Y., Sánchez-Alvarez, N. T., Shah, R. et al. Case-Control Pilot Study on Acute Diarrheal Disease in a Geographically Defined Pediatric Population in a Middle Income Country, Hindawim International Journal of Pediatrics, 2017. Article ID 6357597. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6357597
[23] Ifeanyi, C. I. C., Ikeneche, N. F., Bassey, B. E., Al-Gallas, N., Aissa, R. B. and Boudabous, A. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes isolated from children with diarrhea in the Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Nigeria. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2015; 9: 165–174. doi: 10.3855/jidc.5582
[24] Shamki, J. A., Al-Charrakh, A. H. and Al-Khafaji, J. K. Detection of ESBLs in Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) Isolates Associated with Infantile Diarrhea in Kut City. Medical Journal of Babylon, 2012; 9 (2).
[25] Gupta, A., Sarker, G., Rout, A. J., Mondal, T. and Pal, R. (2015). Risk Correlates of Diarrhea in Children under 5 Years of Age in Slums of Bankura, West Bengal. Journal of Global Infectious Disease, 7: 23-9. DOI: 10.4103/0974-777X.150887.
[26] Al-Yassari, A. S. S., Al-Dahmoshi, H. O., Al-Saad, N. F., Al-Dabagh, N. N., Al-Khafaji, N. S., Mahdi, R. K. et al. Occurrence of AMPC, MBL, CRE and ESBLs among Diarrhegenic E. coli Recovered from Infantile Diarrhea, Iraq. International Journal of Micro Biology, Genetics and Monocular Biology Research, 2016; 2 (2): 21-29
[27] Tickell, K. D., Pavlinac, P. B., John-Stewart, G. C. Denno, D. M., Richardson, B. A., Naulikha, J. M. et al. Impact of Childhood Nutritional Status on Pathogen Prevalence and Severity of Acute Diarrhea. American. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2017; 97 (5): 1337–1344. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0139
[28] Kaper, J. B., Nataro, J. P. and Mobley, H. L. Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nature Review in Microbiology, 2004; 2: 123-140. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro818
[29] Bai, L., Wang, L., Yang, X. Wang, J., Gan, X., Wang, W. et al. Prevalence and Molecular Characteristics of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Genes in Escherichia coli Isolated from Diarrheic Patients in China. Frontiers in. Microbiology, 2017; 8: 144. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00144
[30] Ochoa, T. J., Ruiz, J., Molina, M., Del Valle, L. J., Vargas, M., Gil, A. I. et al. High Frequency of Antimicrobial Drug Resistance of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Infants in Peru. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2009; 81 (2): 296–301
[31] Dhaka, P., Vijay, D., Vergis, J., Negi, M., Kumar, M., Mohanet, V. al. Genetic Diversity and Antibiogram Profile of Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli Pathotypes Isolated from Human, Animal, Foods and Associated Environmental Sources. Infection Ecology and Epidemiology, 2016; 6: 31055 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/iee.v6.31055
[32] Putnam, S. R. Riddle, M. S., Wierzba, T. F. Pittner, B. T., Elyazeed, R. A., El-Gendy, A. et al. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Trends among Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. Isolated from Rural Egyptian Paediatric Populations with Diarrhoea between 1995 and 2000. Clinical Microbiology Infections, 2004;10: 804-810. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.00927.x
[33] Shakya, P., Barrett, P., Diwan, V., Marothi, Y., Shah, H., Chhari, N. et al. Antibiotic Resistance among Escherichia coli Isolates from Stool Samples of Children Aged 3 to 14 Years from Ujjain, India. BMC Infectious Diseases, 2013; 13: 477 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/13/477
[34] Shah, M., Kathiiko, C., Wada, A. Odoyo, E., Bundi, M., Miringu, G. et al. Prevalence, Seasonal Variation, and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Enteric Bacterial Pathogens among Hospitalized Diarrheic Children in Suburban Regions of Central Kenya. Tropical Medicine and Health, 2016; 44: 39. DOI 10.1186/s41182-016-0038-1
[35] Odetoyin, B. W. Hofmann, J., Aboderin, A. O. and Okeke, I. N. Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in mother child Pairs in Ile-Ife, South Western Nigeria. BMC Infectious Diseases, 2016; 16:28. DOI 10.1186/s12879-016-1365-x
[36] Vatopoulos, A. C., Varvaresou, E., Petridou, E., Moustaki, M., Kyriakopoulos, M., Kapogiannis, D., et al. High Rates of Antibiotic Resistance among Normal Fecal Flora Escherichia coli Isolates in Children from Greece. Clinical Microbiology Infections, 1998; 4: 563-569
[37] Sahoo, K. S., Tamhankar, A. J., Sahoo, S., Sahu, P. S., Klintz, S. R. and Lundborg, C. S. Geographical Variation in Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates from Stool, Cow-Dung and Drinking Water. International Journal of Environmental Resource in Public Health, 2012; 9: 746-759; doi: 10.3390/ijerph9030746
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Nasir Tukur Dabo, Bashir Muhammad, Habeeb Kayode Saka, Zaharaddin Muhammad Kalgo, Rasaki Adewole Raheem. (2019). Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated from Diarrhoeic and Non-diarrhoeic Under Five Children in Kano, Nigeria. International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 4(3), 94-102. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20190403.15

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Nasir Tukur Dabo; Bashir Muhammad; Habeeb Kayode Saka; Zaharaddin Muhammad Kalgo; Rasaki Adewole Raheem. Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated from Diarrhoeic and Non-diarrhoeic Under Five Children in Kano, Nigeria. Int. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2019, 4(3), 94-102. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20190403.15

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Nasir Tukur Dabo, Bashir Muhammad, Habeeb Kayode Saka, Zaharaddin Muhammad Kalgo, Rasaki Adewole Raheem. Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated from Diarrhoeic and Non-diarrhoeic Under Five Children in Kano, Nigeria. Int J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2019;4(3):94-102. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20190403.15

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.ijmb.20190403.15,
      author = {Nasir Tukur Dabo and Bashir Muhammad and Habeeb Kayode Saka and Zaharaddin Muhammad Kalgo and Rasaki Adewole Raheem},
      title = {Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated from Diarrhoeic and Non-diarrhoeic Under Five Children in Kano, Nigeria},
      journal = {International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology},
      volume = {4},
      number = {3},
      pages = {94-102},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijmb.20190403.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20190403.15},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmb.20190403.15},
      abstract = {Antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens is a global health challenge linked to high morbidity and mortality. This study was carried out among under-five children attending three major hospitals in Kano State namely: Murtala Muhammad Specialists Hospital (MMSH), Wudil General Hospital (WGH) and Bichi General Hospital (BGH), representing the three senatorial districts. Rectal swab specimens from 400 diarrhoeic and 50 non-diarrhoeic children were collected with a sterile transport swab containing Carry-Blair Medium. These were inoculated onto MacConckey and Salmonella-Shigella Agar and incubated at 37°C for 18-24 hours for isolation of bacteria. Bacterial isolates were subjected to battery of biochemical tests (IMViC and KIA) for the identification of Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was carried out on E. coli isolated using modified Kirby-Bauer method. The findings revealed 74% and 66% E. coli recovery from case and control subjects respectively. The AST revealed trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 75.1% was the most resisted antibiotic, significantly different between the case subjects (P-value=0.031), 83% were resistant to at least one class of antibiotic, 44.4% resistant to two classes of antibiotics and significantly higher in the control group (P-value=0.006) and 8.0% MDR rate. Female subjects shows higher resistance to the tested antibiotics but the differences were only significant in amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (49.6% versus 32.9%; P-value=0.003) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (91.7% versus 57.1%; P-value=0.037) in the case and control group respectively. It can be concluded that E. coli is the predominant agent associated with diarrhoea in Kano children and high resistance of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is noteworthy. Hence the need to revise the current diarrhoea treatment regimen for Kano children.},
     year = {2019}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated from Diarrhoeic and Non-diarrhoeic Under Five Children in Kano, Nigeria
    AU  - Nasir Tukur Dabo
    AU  - Bashir Muhammad
    AU  - Habeeb Kayode Saka
    AU  - Zaharaddin Muhammad Kalgo
    AU  - Rasaki Adewole Raheem
    Y1  - 2019/09/10
    PY  - 2019
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20190403.15
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmb.20190403.15
    T2  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
    JF  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
    JO  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
    SP  - 94
    EP  - 102
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2578-9686
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20190403.15
    AB  - Antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens is a global health challenge linked to high morbidity and mortality. This study was carried out among under-five children attending three major hospitals in Kano State namely: Murtala Muhammad Specialists Hospital (MMSH), Wudil General Hospital (WGH) and Bichi General Hospital (BGH), representing the three senatorial districts. Rectal swab specimens from 400 diarrhoeic and 50 non-diarrhoeic children were collected with a sterile transport swab containing Carry-Blair Medium. These were inoculated onto MacConckey and Salmonella-Shigella Agar and incubated at 37°C for 18-24 hours for isolation of bacteria. Bacterial isolates were subjected to battery of biochemical tests (IMViC and KIA) for the identification of Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was carried out on E. coli isolated using modified Kirby-Bauer method. The findings revealed 74% and 66% E. coli recovery from case and control subjects respectively. The AST revealed trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 75.1% was the most resisted antibiotic, significantly different between the case subjects (P-value=0.031), 83% were resistant to at least one class of antibiotic, 44.4% resistant to two classes of antibiotics and significantly higher in the control group (P-value=0.006) and 8.0% MDR rate. Female subjects shows higher resistance to the tested antibiotics but the differences were only significant in amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (49.6% versus 32.9%; P-value=0.003) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (91.7% versus 57.1%; P-value=0.037) in the case and control group respectively. It can be concluded that E. coli is the predominant agent associated with diarrhoea in Kano children and high resistance of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is noteworthy. Hence the need to revise the current diarrhoea treatment regimen for Kano children.
    VL  - 4
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Biological Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria

  • Department of Microbiology, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria

  • Department of Microbiology, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria

  • Department of Microbiology, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria

  • Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria

  • Sections