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Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Bacteria Obtained from Surfaces of Automated Teller Machines in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria

Received: 30 November 2021     Accepted: 24 December 2021     Published: 31 December 2021
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Abstract

Money is an essential commodity in the life of humans and it is required to meet daily needs; as such, there is always a consistent usage of automated teller machines (ATM) to withdraw money to meet these needs. In this process, however, there is exchange of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes resulting from direct contact from the numerous users of these piece of equipment, especially with hands which are even known to be a ‘house’ of microorganisms. The study was carried out to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria present on Automated Teller Machines (ATM) in Calabar Communities in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. One hundred and fifty (150) samples were collected and analysed using standard microbiological procedures. Isolates were identified by microscopic, biochemical and carbohydrate fermentation characterizations. The susceptibility of the isolates to antibiotics was determined by the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results revealed that all ATMs harbored seven different species of bacteria namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella spp., and Shigella spp. However, Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently occurring bacterial isolate (28.3%) followed by Escherichia coli (18.6%), Bacillus spp. (17.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.2%), Salmonella typhimurium. (9.7%), Klebsiella spp. (6.2%) and Shigella spp. (5.2%) respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed a zone of inhibition ranging from 8mm to 45mm. The widest zone of inhibition (45mm) was recorded with Augmentin for Salmonella typhimurium while the least zone of inhibition (8mm) was recorded in Ampicillin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All bacterial isolates showed a high level of resistance (6mm) to Nalidixic acid except Klebsiella spp. (10mm) and Salmonella typhimurium. Overall, Ceproflox and Quinolone showed the highest efficacy against the bacteria isolates followed by Augmentin and Tarivid. Heavy bacterial presence on ATM surfaces is evident from this study. Frequent disinfection of ATMs surfaces and their accessories along with periodic microbiological surveillance is thereby recommended.

Published in International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology (Volume 6, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.17
Page(s) 147-151
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Bacteria, Automated Teller Machine, Antibiotic Resistance

References
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[5] Anyadoh-Nwadike, S. O., Ugwu, C. O., Udebuani, A. C. & Okorondu, S. I. Antibiogram of microbial isolates from keypads of automated tellers machines located in higher institution in Owerri metropolis Nigeria Journal of Microbiology, 2017; 31 (1): 3751-3762.
[6] Okoro, J., Oloninefa, S. D., Ojonigu, A. F. and Sani, M. Assessment of some selected automated teller machines in Kaduna metropolis for pathogenic bacteria contamination. British Journal of Environmental Science, 2002; 2 (1): 19-35.
[7] Olutiola P. O., Famurewa, O. & Sonntag, H. S. An Introduction to General Microbiology (A practical Approach). Measurement of Microbial Growth, 2000. pp. 101-111.
[8] Cheesbrough, M. District laboratory practical in tropical countries. Part 2 Cambridge University Press: UK, 2003; Pp. 136-140.
[9] Kirby, W. M. M., G. M. Yoshihara, K. S. Sundsted, & J. H. Warren. Clinical usefulness of a single disc method for antibiotic sensitivity testing. Antibiotics Annu. 1956-1957: 892.
[10] Fraser, M. A. & Grilling. Bacterial carriage of computer keyboards in veterinary practices in Scotland. Veterinary Research, 2009; 165: 151-162.
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[13] Alemu, A. Microbial contamination of currency notes and coins in circulation: A potential public health hazard. Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2014; 2 (3): 46-53.
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[15] Oloninefa, Stephen & Ati, Ojonigu & Sani. Assessment of some selected automated teller machines in Kaduna metropolis for pathogenic bacteria contamination. 2018; 19-35.
[16] Hassan, S. H. Sensitivity of Salmonella and Shigella to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents in Sudan. J. Trop Med Hyg, 88: 243-248. 1995
[17] Khan, R. M. K. & Malik, A. Antibiotic resistance and detection of β-lactamase in bacterial strains of Staphylococci and Escherichia coli isolated from foodstuffs. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 17: 863-868. 2011.
[18] Rahman, m., Rahman, B., Rahman, T., Khan, F. R. & Hosen, M. J. Pattern of antimicrobial resistance and plasmid profiles of Escherichia coli isolates obtained from calf, cattle and diarrheic children in Mymensingh-Bangledish. J. Am. Sci. 2007; 3: 74-84.
[19] Fair, R. J., & Tor, Y. (2014). Antibiotics and bacterial resistance in the 21st century. Perspectives in medicinal chemistry, 6, 25–64. https://doi.org/10.4137/PMC.S14459.
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    Francisca Upekiema Adie, Godwin Edet Oduokpaha, Sunday Godwin Oworah, Oluwarotimi John Joseph. (2021). Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Bacteria Obtained from Surfaces of Automated Teller Machines in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria. International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 6(4), 147-151. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.17

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    ACS Style

    Francisca Upekiema Adie; Godwin Edet Oduokpaha; Sunday Godwin Oworah; Oluwarotimi John Joseph. Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Bacteria Obtained from Surfaces of Automated Teller Machines in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria. Int. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2021, 6(4), 147-151. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.17

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    AMA Style

    Francisca Upekiema Adie, Godwin Edet Oduokpaha, Sunday Godwin Oworah, Oluwarotimi John Joseph. Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Bacteria Obtained from Surfaces of Automated Teller Machines in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria. Int J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021;6(4):147-151. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.17

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.17,
      author = {Francisca Upekiema Adie and Godwin Edet Oduokpaha and Sunday Godwin Oworah and Oluwarotimi John Joseph},
      title = {Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Bacteria Obtained from Surfaces of Automated Teller Machines in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria},
      journal = {International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology},
      volume = {6},
      number = {4},
      pages = {147-151},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.17},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.17},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmb.20210604.17},
      abstract = {Money is an essential commodity in the life of humans and it is required to meet daily needs; as such, there is always a consistent usage of automated teller machines (ATM) to withdraw money to meet these needs. In this process, however, there is exchange of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes resulting from direct contact from the numerous users of these piece of equipment, especially with hands which are even known to be a ‘house’ of microorganisms. The study was carried out to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria present on Automated Teller Machines (ATM) in Calabar Communities in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. One hundred and fifty (150) samples were collected and analysed using standard microbiological procedures. Isolates were identified by microscopic, biochemical and carbohydrate fermentation characterizations. The susceptibility of the isolates to antibiotics was determined by the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results revealed that all ATMs harbored seven different species of bacteria namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella spp., and Shigella spp. However, Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently occurring bacterial isolate (28.3%) followed by Escherichia coli (18.6%), Bacillus spp. (17.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.2%), Salmonella typhimurium. (9.7%), Klebsiella spp. (6.2%) and Shigella spp. (5.2%) respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed a zone of inhibition ranging from 8mm to 45mm. The widest zone of inhibition (45mm) was recorded with Augmentin for Salmonella typhimurium while the least zone of inhibition (8mm) was recorded in Ampicillin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All bacterial isolates showed a high level of resistance (6mm) to Nalidixic acid except Klebsiella spp. (10mm) and Salmonella typhimurium. Overall, Ceproflox and Quinolone showed the highest efficacy against the bacteria isolates followed by Augmentin and Tarivid. Heavy bacterial presence on ATM surfaces is evident from this study. Frequent disinfection of ATMs surfaces and their accessories along with periodic microbiological surveillance is thereby recommended.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Bacteria Obtained from Surfaces of Automated Teller Machines in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria
    AU  - Francisca Upekiema Adie
    AU  - Godwin Edet Oduokpaha
    AU  - Sunday Godwin Oworah
    AU  - Oluwarotimi John Joseph
    Y1  - 2021/12/31
    PY  - 2021
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.17
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.17
    T2  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
    JF  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
    JO  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
    SP  - 147
    EP  - 151
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2578-9686
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20210604.17
    AB  - Money is an essential commodity in the life of humans and it is required to meet daily needs; as such, there is always a consistent usage of automated teller machines (ATM) to withdraw money to meet these needs. In this process, however, there is exchange of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes resulting from direct contact from the numerous users of these piece of equipment, especially with hands which are even known to be a ‘house’ of microorganisms. The study was carried out to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria present on Automated Teller Machines (ATM) in Calabar Communities in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. One hundred and fifty (150) samples were collected and analysed using standard microbiological procedures. Isolates were identified by microscopic, biochemical and carbohydrate fermentation characterizations. The susceptibility of the isolates to antibiotics was determined by the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results revealed that all ATMs harbored seven different species of bacteria namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella spp., and Shigella spp. However, Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently occurring bacterial isolate (28.3%) followed by Escherichia coli (18.6%), Bacillus spp. (17.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.2%), Salmonella typhimurium. (9.7%), Klebsiella spp. (6.2%) and Shigella spp. (5.2%) respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed a zone of inhibition ranging from 8mm to 45mm. The widest zone of inhibition (45mm) was recorded with Augmentin for Salmonella typhimurium while the least zone of inhibition (8mm) was recorded in Ampicillin for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All bacterial isolates showed a high level of resistance (6mm) to Nalidixic acid except Klebsiella spp. (10mm) and Salmonella typhimurium. Overall, Ceproflox and Quinolone showed the highest efficacy against the bacteria isolates followed by Augmentin and Tarivid. Heavy bacterial presence on ATM surfaces is evident from this study. Frequent disinfection of ATMs surfaces and their accessories along with periodic microbiological surveillance is thereby recommended.
    VL  - 6
    IS  - 4
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Departmenof Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria

  • Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Computing and Applied Sciences, Dominion University, Ibadan, Nigeria

  • Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

  • Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Koladaisi University, Ibadan, Nigeria

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